时代女性范例6篇

时代女性

时代女性范文1

6大阅读方式 最in阅读时代

电子书――最轻的图书馆:出差商旅,不用再带厚重的图书,一个几十克的电子书令你更优雅、更智慧。

微博――分享新鲜事:微博玩家说:我用140个字来思考了。对围观的人群来说,140个字再加一张图,前一分钟发生的事情,这一刻,就尽在掌握。

3G手机――随时工作:当你焦头烂额地被通知立刻查收邮件时,拥有一部3G手机真是如获至宝。

社交社区――谈资名利场:茶余饭后,明星八卦,有时候,玩乐之间也能获得重要信息和工作灵感。

ipod――信息立体化:将所有信息集合在一本图书大小的平板电脑上,收发邮件,撰写报告,时时沟通。

传统图书――有机阅读首选:跟机器干上后:屏幕脸、熬夜眼、鼠标手、短信指、电脑椎、iPod耳……最后还要回归原生态的“有机阅读”――图书!

好书教会我第一眼识人

吴丽丽 艺画廊公关经理

沪上名流派对上,她无疑是耀眼的明星。作为公关经理,吴丽丽气质与众不同,与其交谈,不过十句便可知此女子不同凡响,定有过人之处。谈及阅读,秘密揭开。

采访开场,吴丽丽开门见山“我以前当过兵,做过主持人,后来去英国留学读新闻传媒,现在到上海做公关。”短短几十字,一个女子奇妙的人生经历清晰可见。

在吴丽丽的日程表上,无论每天的应酬有多忙、有多累,有一件事情,雷打不动:睡前看书1小时。“当自我纠结时,看书能帮助自我排解。当你再去面对你在派对上的朋友和陌生人时,好心情是自然流露。靠装的心情是很难被人认同的。”她这样解释。

在吴丽丽的常读书单中,有一本书名为《思考超捷径》,此书在西方盛行。作为公关的她,发现书中所写内容居然对社交场合时的初次见面意义重大。“社交时,你必须懂得察言观色,面对陌生人,你需要能很快地找到一个共鸣点,打开话题,让尴尬的时间短一点。这本书在这方面就写得非常好。”长期阅读所练就的好心态是关键。

学会倾听,才能说得更好

许智伟 百事(中国)企业社会责任负责人

从我型我秀到百事盖世群音,许智伟虽不是选秀明星,却有着和明星一样的关注度和粉丝群。如今,他变身为英孚教育集团的全国职场顾问,开设讲座前,他会花大量时间准备,“因为我喜欢一直学习的状态”,这就是许智伟的魅力所在。身居高职的他。每日会面对不同的人群,有他的一套方法。iPad很棒。但并不是交流的全部

话题从他手中的一个IPad开始聊起,面对日新月异的阅读方式,许智伟显然是走在潮流顶端的那一个。IPad刚上市,就有好友猜到他一定喜欢,如今他拥有两个最新iPad,用得不亦乐乎。“它可以将我所有的资源集合起来,比如照片、歌曲、短片等等,它们都同时在我手上。这对我来说是非常大的帮助,以前要携带一个笔记本会有些不方便。”

不过,许智伟话锋一转,立刻表示,“所有信息在我手上,并非个人优势。我领先拥有iPad只是短期优势,将来你也可以很快拥有。最重要的是,你需要用新的概念、新的创意将你手上所有的资源运用起来。说到底,下一步的挑战就是‘讲故事’的能力。”在许智伟看来,在社交场合,只是简单地向对方讲述信息,没有包装、缺乏思想、少有创意的信息是没有用的。

20年前的两次阅读,有梦才有影响力

公共场合,他给人的感觉总是那么乐观、开朗,并且是一个有梦想,也懂得如何实现的成功职场人士。说起有梦的源头,那要数他生命中不可缺少的两本书。很多年过去了,但许智伟不假思索地报出它们的名字《THE ROAD LESS TRAVEL》和《THE ALCHEMIST》。

问起看书的年份,回答令人惊讶,分别是1985年和1992年。大学时光和MBA时代的两本书,令许智伟发现了自己的人生理想。当许智伟遇到《THE ALCHEMIST》这本书时,已进入他的MBA时代。“它鼓励我有很多好的梦想。这也可以解释为什么在1999年我就做了‘音乐盛典’,莫名其妙就到了国内来,那个时候我说只要跟中央电视台合作就可以了,当时没有人这么做过,但我就落实了自己的梦想。2003年的时候,我也是什么都没有,就开始做我型我秀。”

曾经的阅读可能只是一个很小的种子,但它在许智伟的心中生根发芽,多年之后,长成参天大树。在不同社交场合,他始终奉行如此内心准则,做自己想做的事,一个有梦的人才能敲开别人的心门。

国际化社交圈,国际化标准

第一点,一定要开朗。

其次,竹淫时刻保持一颗好奇心。

最重要的第三点就是:懂得怎样问问题。如果一个小时,你不停地问问题,与对方保持沟通,那个人一定会说,“我跟你聊天很开心!”实际上,你只讲了15分钟。对方讲了45分钟。因此,你需要多问问题,问好的问题,一个懂聊天的人,更懂得倾听。

我领导员工,好书引导我

李颖 Vicky Li CIM八中国区总裁

在英国学业和事业双丰收之际,带着一摞厚厚的CIMA教科书回到祖国,开辟管理会计师的中国市场。她热爱阅读,从不自我设限,能在入睡前忘形地看经济学书籍,也能在办公室“偷学”养生宝典。

“领导力是个抽象的综合体,所以在这件事上不存在‘入门宝典’。那些标题直白、功利心极强的书籍,大多有形无神,不能饱满你的身心。”大学时,Vicky读的是外国文学专业;在事业处于上升阶段时,vicky却毅然选择英国留学,进修经济学专业。这个决定里包含了很多转变:从文学到经济学,从国内到国外,从职场到校园。这些转折点,书籍是vicky最好的老师。

“以前多少有些‘崇洋’,总是渴望从书里了解外国,它们迥异的生活方式、思维习惯;现在读中国文化类书籍较多,从历史的角度来了解中国文明,这非常有价值。”广泛的阅读决定了Vicky不同于寻常女子的视野。心中有更广阔的世界,会造就一个更具变革心和决断力的领导者。

“旅途中我随身携带的是经济学类书籍,办公室一般放着经济学类书籍,枕边还是经济学类书籍。”在Vicky看来,“经济学”这个世界充满乐趣。研究这些跟读一本好玩的小说一样有趣。“这是一种放松。”在我们看来,它们大概跟字典一样枯燥。没有专业知识,领导力没有立足之本。“如果非要找到领导者速成术,那么人物

传记比那些‘标题直白型’书籍有用。你简直能与一个优秀的导师面对面,从他们的阅历中吸取自己所需养分。”

Vicky办公室的书架上,《穿PRADA的女魔头》、《黄帝内经中的女人养生养颜经》让这个书橱有几分女性领导者的气息。“很多修身养性类书籍写得不错,它们不但能让你内外兼修,还能拉近与员工的距离,增强领导者的亲和力。一个好的领导者要了解员工,知道他们在谈论什么。这种事不能从上而下,需要从侧面了解,这个时候,热门的书和电影是很好的工具。”

女上司的书架上放什么

《赢》杰克・韦尔奇

遮本书告诉我们:在你成为领导以前,成功只同自己的成长有关。当你成为领导后。成功同别人的成长有关。

《女性领导力》苏・海华德

女性领导者要认识自己的长处和短板,进而营造一种个性化、情感型的魅力管理模式。

《黑天鹅》纳西姆・尼古拉斯・塔勒布

把现实世界简化为非黑即白的企图一定会失败,它教你在这个随机世界里如何自处。

《高效能人士的七个习惯》史蒂芬-柯维主动积极,以终为始,要事第一,双赢思维,知彼解己,统合综效,不断更新。

《卡莉・费奥瑞纳传――世界第一女CEO》卡莉・费奥瑞纳向一位极有魄力的女CEO学习。她以破纪录的200亿美元收购价,把最大对手康柏公司纳入麾下。

自领争读的好书清单

《成功的快乐方程式》苏珊・檑特・柯林斯

《九型人格》帕尔戢

《人生的十四堂创意课》李欣频

《不抱怨的世界》威尔・鲍温

《美丽一生的5项法则》黛尔・海顿

《细节决定成败》汪中求

《写给女人――幸福女人的秘密》陶乐丝・卡耐基

《金领》卫哲

《富爸爸商学院》罗伯特・T・清崎

《现在发现你的优势》马库斯・白金汉

领导力是黑洞,书籍是明灯

Alexandra Rendall 白雪香槟公关总监

在巴黎学习市场营销专业的Rendall女士。毕业后于法国奢侈品协会――Corn ate Colberr推广本国的奢侈品产业。自1999年起,她从事白雪香槟和哈雪香槟的市场营销工作。

差旅中,书是Renda_l最好的伙伴。此次出差上海,Rendall带了法国最受欢迎的小说家KatheFine Pancol的小说。Rendall身上带着法国女性典型的优雅和精致,这得益于她常年的阅读习惯。法国的FNAC和GARIGNANl是她喜欢的书店。“当你进入一个新世界,你需要一把钥匙。”Rendall所说的这把钥匙就是阅读。刚进入奢侈品协会,她阅读以了解消费化;当她从职员变成管理者,重新去Suze La Rousse葡萄酒大学读书,喜欢看人物传记,现在她读更多环保和理性消费的书。

地本书,让世界全部安静

朱明晖 书艺出版社出版人

她曾经担任过金融分析师和外交官。曾在美国圣三一大学和乔治城大学就读,并获得会计和音乐双学位。2002年她返回故乡上海,出任贝塔斯曼亚洲出版公司总监。2007年,与德国Taschen出版社合作,参与《生活在中国》的出版工作。

“书可以带你到另一个时空。不管现场多么喧嚣,你遇到了什么糟糕的事情,只要一本书,这个世界就瞬间安静下来了。书就像一部时空穿梭机,前一秒你为琐事烦心,后一秒你就可以逃离现场,与维多利亚时代的公爵对话。”这就是书的神奇之处。对于当下,你用血肉、心灵去亲自体会,而过去和未来,你就得借助书去经历。

“阅读带来的穿越是一种想象力的锻炼,阅读还能平衡现实与梦想,在两者之间留一个纯净的角落给自己。”一个常常阅读的人,自然建立起强大的学识机构,这就是你的对话权。“阅读能制造一个人的气场,在跟人见面时,就能感觉到彼此气场是否相契合。出版人的身份让我拥有很多以书结缘的朋友,会有很多美好的‘邂逅’,成为分享彼此生活的知己。”

“伦敦和法国的很多书店是我的最爱,处于巴黎圣母院左侧、塞纳河对岸的莎士比亚书店,店门外的墙上写着‘过路的陌生人,你不知道我是如何热切地望着你’;德国科隆的TASCHEN出版社25年来都在认真出版一本本有态度的书;英国的Phaidon以野外动物植物建筑等摄影类最为著名……”经常满世界参加书展的明晖把逛各国书店当成一种乐趣。

哪些书让你更有幸福感

1 《Material World:A global famity portrait》

你可以看到世界各地100多个国家普通人的真实生活。这是一种平实的寓足感。

2 《cNna Vignettes》金领阶层的人士实地采访中国蓝领阶层人的普通生活。在这个物欲横流的社会里,这样一本书充满了人文关怀。

3 《把信送给加西亚》这本书中的主人公罗文几乎是个loser的典型:他不知道加西亚在哪里,就盲目前进。但是,正是这样年轻固执的故事,置新点燃我们曾经激情燃烧的岁月。

阅读,无关虚荣――《品位》达人对阅读的5年忠告

1 再省也不能买书的钱

在美国,买一本大学教科书花的钱可以买一台普通数码相机。目前中国的书价构成,包括作者稿酬、纸张、印刷、批发、零售等各个环节。其分成概况为:作者8%到15%,出版商10%到20%,设计和印制20%到30%,物流2%―5%,批发商8%,零售20%-30%。一本售价20元的书,你如果觉得贵,那么民营出版商就面临着无法承受的生存压力。而这最终结果将导致图书质量直线下降,20元永远只能买到粗制滥造的口水书。还记得被炒到几百元~张的电影《阿凡达》票价吗,与一本好书相比,阿凡达真不算什么。所以,你应该省下一只包包的钱,去买一橱子好书。

2 不要迷信“心灵鸡汤”类书籍

有识之士看到机场摆着那些夸张地大谈特谈自己如何成功、多有“身价”一类的书籍,就为我们这个社会的浮躁感到焦虑。阅读是给追求真理、提升品位人士的奢侈品。因为你要投入很多时间来阅读、思考和分享。一本《各国概况》给了十岁的小孩周游世界的梦想;一本《约翰・克星斯多夫》教会叛逆的少年如何应对人生;一本《22条军规》让有志青年认识不同的文化背景……有鉴赏力的人会分辨哪些是经典的励志类书籍,汲取其中的精华,而不是众多赌徒般的读者,只想着赢。

3 女人不要只读自己感兴趣的书

很多职业女性读书只限制在自己的专业领域,因而限制了她们的世界观的全面发展。还有比较悲哀的是,很多职业女性把获得证书、通过考试作为人生的目的。她们的眼光因此被局限,生活的圈子变得比较狭窄。阅读的目的是开阔视野,呵护身、心灵。对于职业女性,学习和提升是永远无法停止的投资。提升品位,需要长期投资,读书是一个非常好的手段。一个城市如果经济能力不行,就

没有地位,一个城市如果没有文化底蕴。就没有品位!人,也是一样。

4 读书是一件很私人的事

还是要搬出那句老话一百个人读《红楼梦》,会看到一百样的故事。读书不要罐比,不要跟风,很多时候。还不需要分享。这也是阅读的美妙所在。很多时尚刊物的记者喜欢追问一些社会名流:如果你成了罗宾汉,会带哪些书去荒岛?记者们应该从来没有得到过让人眼睛发亮的答案。因为当事人害怕说出那些书的名字,怕自己落伍,怕自己趣味低下,怕自己没文化。私人阅读的含义,不仅指涉读物,还有更多书之外的东西。

5 书可以带女人去的地方 1 法兰克福书展:这可能是世界最大的书展,只针对专业人士。整个书展规模有八个天安门那么大,从一家到另一家,需要乘坐巴士来回。2 伦敦书展:是每年欧洲春季最重要的出版盛会。2012年,伦敦书展将以中国作为主宾国,中国出版界 将有更多人士参加版权贸易的盛会。3 博洛尼亚儿童书展:顾名思义,在意大利这个美丽的地方,你将以童心的名义在书海中畅游,看看全球上千家成年人组成的参展商如何关注儿童出版。

雷屏

瀚鼎管理咨询

公司总裁

雷屏女士致力于向在中国的大型公司提供专业形象与商务礼仪的培训和辅导服务,成为业界有影响力的咨询顾问。

6大城市,女性热书榜

东京女人正在读……

《似识非识的易汉字》出口宗和

中国人大多不知道语言学是研究什么的,但是在日本,语言学是门显学,畅销书榜中常常有这类学术普及书。

《减肥只需一根伸缩带!缠卷减肥法》山本千寻

从香蕉减肥到前年的戒指减肥,这回日本列岛奉为葵花宝典的减肥秘籍正是此书。

东京女性的阅读习惯:

东京的商务女性具有国际化视野,对于中国文化十分重视。而减肥、美容和健康类书籍永远是她们的美丽枕边书。伦敦女人正在读……

《Grow Your Own Drugs》James Wong

顺势疗法的原则是“相同者能治愈”,伦敦排行榜上值得一提的是James Wong的G row Your Own D rugs,这一系列展示如何在自家花园种植药用植物的过程。

《Jamie Does》Jamie Oliver

天堂里最好的厨师究竟是谁?英国号召力最大的电视厨师明星Jamie Oliver的新书,在这本书中,Does即指“尝试”六个不同地区的烹饪习惯、传统菜式。

伦敦女性的阅读习惯:

从如何种植植物到如何烹饪食物,再到关怀公益事业。这些永远不可能在上海、北京上榜的书籍,却在伦敦大受欢迎。视野开阔是伦敦女性阅读的一大特点。

香港女人正在读……

《黄金实战大全》香港财经出版社/编纂

想在黄金牛市中“淘金”的人,不妨读读此书,它以香港黄金市场作为投资范本进行讲述,贴近实际,让人轻松掌握黄金实战的精髓。

《智者傲形》陆东

财经类书籍逆市而上,成为NO 1畅销书,殊为不易。作者的标志性语录“月薪10万也不买楼。”

香港女性的阅读习惯:

财经书籍是香港女性的阅读首选,务实主义的风格在她们的身上显现无遗。北京女人正在读……

《老北京人的口述历史》定宜庄

本书试图从那些普通老北京的嘴里淘出个完整的北京,而非一叶障目的“东京”和“西京”。

《过得去》杨葵

作者是很多著名博客里提到的“老颓”。人年轻,可文字朴白素颜,有汪曾祺的味道。

北京女性的阅读习惯:

倚重历史、文化和深邃的哲学思考,北京女性的阅读习惯看起来有些“文艺腔”,但这正是独立思考。台北女人正在读……

《当中国统治世界》马丁・麦克

中国会变得越来越强大。作者尖锐地指出:中国有三千多年的文明史,这正是他力量的源泉。

《低碳生活的24堂课》张杨乾

教你计算碳足迹,浅显易懂,是树立环保意识的入门课。

台北女性的阅读习惯:

关心地球,娱乐自我,历来受到台北女性的重点关注。

纽约女人正在读……

《奥普拉》凯蒂・凯莉

凯莉这一次对准了一个以维护隐私出名的名人,奥普拉。该书出版以来,受到大量指责,著名记者芭芭拉・沃尔特说它“寻找脏点,而非寻找真相”。

时代女性范文2

关键词:淑·布莱赫德 维多利亚时代 矛盾性格

发表于1895年的《无名的裘德》是英国伟大的现实主义作家托马斯·哈代的最后一部长篇小说,被拉尔夫·福克斯称之为英国天才昭示“在资本主义社会中不可能有圆满的人的生活”的艺术宣言之一。这部小说被人认为是英国现代文学第一部现代主义的小说,也是争议很大的一部小说。《无名的裘德》因批判社会传统,在出版后遭到了批评界的强烈非议,致使哈代放弃小说的写作,转而写诗。《无名的裘德》之所以备受争议,是因为它刻画了一对在当时看来“不正常”的恋人形象。在那个重视和妇道的年代里,女主人公淑·布莱赫德毅然和丈夫费劳逊离婚,与情人裘德远走他乡,并生下三个非婚生子女。在《无名的裘德》中,除了裘德这个主人公外,淑·布莱赫德也占了很大的份量。一位德国评论家指出:“女主人公淑·布莱赫德是小说中第一次描写的正在引人注意的妇女—— 一个女权主义的妇女。”国内哈代研究专家聂珍钊也说“淑·布莱赫德是哈代创造的女性形象中最现代最敏锐和反抗最强烈的人”,“淑·布莱赫德是一个真正的现实主义者和旧传统的叛逆者。”淑·布莱赫德不同于维多利亚时代绝大多数以家庭为归宿的女性,她走出家庭外出工作,努力获得经济地位,从而实现了其思想、人格的独立与自由,因此反抗性和现代性可以概括出淑·布莱赫德的主要性格特征,然而她的结局却是悲剧性的。

悲剧作品中,社会基本人格是相对稳定和保守的,它规约着个体人格的形成和发展,要求个体人格不越它的规范,而具备悲剧性美质的个体人格,总有一种强烈的心理欲求,即对社会和历史给定性的超越,这样,冲突就不可避免,而这种冲突只能造成这种欲念的消亡 。【1】

1 维多利亚时代的女性处境

《无名的裘德》的生活背景处于维多利亚时代。维多利亚时期是英国历史上空前的繁荣时期,这个阶段见证了英国经济的快速发展以及从农业国到工业国的转变。此时,达尔文《进化论》的出现解释了人类起源的问题,但在性别选择一章中,达尔文提出自然界中通常是雄性占主导地位,这一点成为维多利亚男权社会的理论基础。在维多利亚时期,社会评论家认为适者生存原则导致了性别差异。女性在社会中的地位是母性过程中的自然结果,而不像男性那样随时展而进步。同时女性并没有受到男性等同的重视,而是一种弱势性别。因而维多利亚时期的女性多依附于男性,渐渐丧失了其独立性,而且女性自身也逐渐接受这种依赖他人的境地。这些源自于她们把自己的一生和期望都寄托在她们的丈夫身上,因而丈夫成了她们人生中最重要的目标。为了衬托和凸显男性的重要性,女性的卑微,人们越加要求女性具备他们所认为的女性特质,比如严谨,自律,忍受,体弱等。男性主宰社会的生存和发展。父权文化不仅占社会主导地位,而且男性精神控制着时代的发展。以力量、权威和尊严为标志的主角一直由男性扮演着,而女性只是作为其附属和依附于男性的客体。她们沉默于世界的另一端,没有可以和男性相抗衡的话语权。【2】主人公淑·布莱赫德生活在那个时代,经济和科技发展迅速,民主觉悟日益高涨,同时在英国乃至欧洲大陆上都涌动着一股反抗资产阶级统治,要求个性解放,思想自由的潮流。除了受到外部世界的影响,淑·布莱赫德还读了很多启发人们追求自由和幸福的并具有反叛精神的书籍。这些都极大的影响了她对生活对人生的追求,尤其是在婚姻爱情上,个人信仰上和价值观上。然而,在那个时代,处于社会底层的人们发现残酷的社会现实不允许他们挣脱,他们就像掉进陷阱的动物,处于绝望的边缘,找不到出路,只能以美梦破灭而结束。【3】

2 淑·布莱赫德的矛盾性格

社会历史只是造成淑·布莱赫德悲剧的外部因素,而造成淑矛盾性格的原因是淑·布莱赫德自身的个人经验。淑·布莱赫德过早的失去母爱和家庭的关怀,淑·布莱赫德父母不和,是“他们家爱争吵打架那一门里的孩子”,早期的童年经验,给淑·布莱赫德造成巨大的心理上的创伤。淑·布莱赫德成年后,这种屡遭创伤的个人经验对她的心理结构和性格走向,影响是巨大而深刻的。

淑·布莱赫德的矛盾性格,包含着刚毅与怯懦、激进与保守、叛逆与妥协、超前与复古的社会发展内涵。她的性格反复无常,有点神经质,她常常自我矛盾,既有浪漫的人文主义冒险精神,又有基督教徒的顺从、懦弱的本质。她在精神上反对和怀疑僵化的基督教教义,不愿意受到传统习俗的束缚,但在行动中却犹豫不决,不敢冲破藩篱,将思想付诸于实践。她一会儿勇敢,一会儿退却。具体表现在婚姻上既反抗又屈服,在宗教上既叛逆又退却,在爱情上既无情又有情,在上既反抗又妥协。

盖尔·坎宁安(GailCunningham)说:“几乎所有的新女性主人公最后都垮了下来,她们大多数不是发疯就是经历一个神经质的屈服阶段”。尽管他们最终以生命(在裘德方面)和终生倍受折磨(在淑·布莱赫德方面)为代价。在小说第六部的结尾,男女主人公均有自觉的认识,他们异口同声地说他们的思想行为先行了五十年,这正是以推理的反证方式对现实社会的否定和批判。【4】

淑·布莱赫德虽然是一个失败的叛逆者,但淑·布莱赫德的失败是有意识地与社会针锋相对后的退却。她的追求的破灭表明处于萌芽状态的女性主义意识不足以和整个的父权制意识形态抗衡;女性要获得真正的独立自由,除了在意识形态的抗争,更需要社会的物质条件的成熟。

参考文献:

[1]王亚芳.病态的人格——论无名的裘德中淑的形象[J].河西学院学报, 2005(3):86-88

[2]郭高萍.从托马斯·哈代小说看维多利亚时代女性的生存困境[J].乐山师范学院学报, 2010(6):66-70

时代女性范文3

作为女同胞中的一员,我认为要当好新时代的女性,不外乎2个方面:家庭与事业,这2方面是相辅相成的,其中家庭是事业的基础,只有家庭温馨和睦,才会有充沛的精力投入工作。事业是家庭的保证。一个没有事业、依附于他人而存在的人,无论是在社会上还是在家庭中都不可能真正得到别人的尊重的,甚至不可能得到丈夫、子女的尊重。

人们常说:女人是家庭的支柱,因此作为新时代的女性,首先要扮演好妻子、母亲、媳妇等多种角色,处理好夫妻、婆媳、母子或母女等多种关系。而要扮演好这些的角色,还是一门较大的学问。但假如我们把婚姻当作了索取和交换,只想得到,而不想去付出。那么得到的,只能是永无休止的不满足和由此而产生的烦恼。因此在生活中,作为家庭主角的妇女,我们要用一颗真诚、理解、宽容的心,去构建一个温馨的家庭。

同时作为新世纪女性,我认为我们应该是一个自信、自强的人,像我们学校女教师的人数远远超过了男教师,女教师的能力和素质的高低,决定了学校将来发展的水平。为此我认为起码要从以下几方面做起。做个适应时展的要求、自强自立、自尊自爱的新女性。

一、做一个学习型女教师。

渊博的学识是真正立足社会之本。只有不断地提高自己,扩大自己的知识面,才能不被时代淘汰,才有资格当一个好老师。这就要求教师与时俱进,学习不止,做适应时代要求的学习型教师。通过学习来“更新”,“充电”,“提升”,“完善”自我,通过学习来影响造就学生。假如你停止了学习的步伐,学生是新的,教案是老的,这绝对不行,最终被淘汰出局。

二、做一个有素质女教师。

时代女性范文4

说实话,早在30年或更前的若干年,80后的父辈们、祖辈们又何尝不是在一无所有的情形下步入了婚姻的围城?而今,当他们的下一代又要如他们一样“白手成家”时,他们总要对沉醉在爱情中的年轻人问上一句:“你们真的想清楚了吗?”这一问,字面上简单,其深意却如同西方人在教堂结婚时接受神父的那一问:“今后无论祸福、贵贱、疾病还是健康,你是否愿意一直爱他,尊重他,接纳他?”然而,无论长辈们多么担心,婚姻终究有多么沉重,父母必须让孩子们自己亲身去体会。恰恰是因为对前路艰辛的畏惧,很多80后拒绝了爱人,拒绝了为爱情而裸婚。他们因为现实的无情扼杀了自己的感情。这多少有些让人难过,但谁也不能替别人做选择。

心理学家们往往具有与普通人全然不同的审视人生的视角,在他们看来,利与害的衡量最终要以灵魂是否获得成长作为标准。美国心理学大师托马斯・摩尔的力作《关注灵魂》曾带给人们心灵的革命,在这本书中,托马斯・摩尔认为:财富上的贫穷或富有其实并没有一个客观的标准,“穷”和“富”其实是我们面对金钱时的一种主观的感受。所以“如果一个人对金钱的态度是首先不让自己贫穷的话,那这个人永远不会体悟到自己的富有。……对某些人,富有就是用信用卡而不欠债,而另外一些人的富有则是要求拥有一辆或两辆劳斯莱斯车。富有并不能用银行财产来衡量,因为首要的是我们如何想象它。忽视灵魂和它自己对富有的标准,我们就可能会在对金钱的追逐中头晕目眩,因为我们总是害怕真正的贫困正在不远处等着自己。”用托马斯・摩尔的理论来分析欣然“裸婚”的年轻人的心理,简单地说就是,因为彼此之间互相信任与依赖的情感的作用,婚姻在物质上的缺乏并没有带给他们严重的“贫穷感”。 趋利避害,是人的本能。但问题在于,一开始的“利”会持续多久,一开始的“害”又是否在未来的发展中永远无法改变?对曾经的与正在打算裸婚的人们来说,他们都是怀着一份对未来无限的憧憬开始一贫如洗的二人世界的。

憧憬,是一种积极的心理姿态。憧憬会带给人们创造和奋斗的力量。托马斯・摩尔说:“(金钱)把我们从纯洁的理想主义中领出,带我们进入一个通过实际介入的文化的创造,从而锤炼出权力、威望和自尊的更深层的更有灵性的部分。因此,金钱能给予灵魂以基础和勇气,否则灵魂将会在清闲安逸的纯洁中消失。”《裸婚时代》中的童佳倩,固然纯洁可爱,但过于“清闲安逸”,如果不是与刘易阳的裸婚,她的心灵真的就可能会在这种安逸之中逐渐黯然失色。裸婚给了她历练,让她看到了生活现实的一面,所以虽然与刘易阳的婚姻分分合合,再次走到一起之后的童佳倩却已经获得了真实的成长。但如果选择躲避婚姻中可能的物质困境,用财富标准来确定配偶的人选,从心理学的角度看,至少这样的人失去了一个重要的机会,一个可能激发自己创造力的机会,或者说一个靠自我的力量赢得权力、威望和自尊的机会。

了解民国社会改良思潮的人,会很自然地从“裸婚”联想到民国思想家王凤仪先生的“先天结婚”。今日“裸婚”的内涵,较之历史上曾经存在的“先天结婚”,要贫乏单薄得多。旧时代男女婚媾,女方的嫁妆和男方的彩礼都是必不可少的,这也让许多普通乡村家庭背负了沉重的经济甚至债务负担。王凤仪先生晚年提出建设“新农村”并在辽宁朝阳一带付诸实践。1925年,王凤仪先生在他倡办的女子义学和道德讲堂中,开始宣讲“先天结婚”,又名“崇俭结婚”,作为“新农村”建设的重要内容之一。“先天结婚”与以往那种“后天结婚”的区别是“不带嫁妆,也不要彩礼。男女自立,建立新家庭。”崇俭结婚是自主的,完全不受财产、地位、容貌、资历的局限,唯以德业为重。忠诚朴实、善良稳健、胸襟开阔的男子与贤淑文静、通情达理、资性温柔的女子,结为终身伴侣。婚后,彼此互不管束,互不依赖,男女自立,同甘共苦,互谅互助,为了共同的人生目的而奋斗终生。这种婚姻给出了社会转型期女权与进步的另一种路线,王凤仪先生称为“以天命为主的婚姻”。当时许多青年男女受到感召,自觉地实行崇俭结婚,效行者达数千对。以后,先生又为他们举行集体婚礼。从此,在东北地区一时兴起集体崇俭结婚婚礼之风。

时代女性范文5

【关键词】女性主义/男性中心主义/后现代主义

西方社会进入后工业化时代以后,后现代主义随之孕育并发展起来。对女性主义来说,迎来了一次新的发展机遇。因为一方面,女性主义运动正处于低潮,迫切需要新的理论支持;另一方面,女性主义对本质主义、基要主义、普遍主义等现论也提出质疑,认为它们给女性受压迫的现实提供了哲学基础与合理证明。后现代主义对现代主义的分析与批判则为女性主义的发展提供了新的视角。女性主义从颠覆性较强的解构主义(或后结构主义)那里获得了消解男性中心思维模式的理论武器,试图达到摧毁现存的男性中心主义文化霸权的目的。解构主义的代表首推雅克·德里达和米歇尔·福科,本文拟从他们的主要观点出发来探讨女性主义与后现代主义之间的关系。

一、消解中心和本源,颠倒等级秩序

解构主义的策略经常多变,但其宗旨却是明确的,即打破“逻各斯中心主义” (logocentrism ) 和“消解语言中心主义”(phonocentrism)。希腊语“逻各斯”,意即“语言”、“定义”, 其别称是存在、本质、本源、真理、绝对等等,它们都是关于每件事物是什么的本真说明,也是全部思想和语言系统的基础所在。在德里达看来,从柏拉图和亚里士多德一直到黑格尔和列维—斯特劳斯的整个西方形而上学传统都是“逻各斯中心主义”的。德里达指出,所谓“逻各斯中心主义”是以现时为中心的本体论和以口头语言为中心的语言学的结合体;它相信在场的语言能够完善地表现思想,达到实在世界的客观真理。在场是建立本体论、目的论从而达到实在真理的根源,因此,德里达把反对在场的“逻各斯中心主义”视为攻击的根本目标。因而“女性”的范畴只是虚构的,德里达说:“也许……‘女性’不是一个可以决定的身份,也许女性不同别的事物保持距离,无法站在别处宣称自己……也许女性——一个无特征、无形状的模拟物——是距离的断层、超距离的距离、间隙的节奏、距离本身。”[1] 有效的女性主义只能是完全否定的女性主义,解构一切事物,拒绝建构任何事物。而这一点正是美国女性主义批评家玛丽·朴维在她的《女性主义与解构主义》一文中所总结的解构主义对女性主义的最主要的贡献:即消除神秘特征的规划。朴维指出:德里达对西方形而上学的批判之一就是使“在场”的特征变得非神秘化,“在场”的观念取决于语言,同时“在场”总是难以捉摸,它只在相对的意义上才存在,并不是真理的基础。朴维认为解构主义分析了“女性”仅仅是社会的产物,不具有自然的基础,“女性”是一个术语,如何界定这个术语取决于它所被讨论的语境,而不取决于某些性器官或社会经验。朴维相信解构主义消除此在的神秘性在政治上具有意义[2]。 德里达用以达到消除在场的神秘特征的效果之一是解构二元对立。“逻各斯中心主义”使得西方传统的形而上学思维方法建立在一正一反二元对立的基础之上,如:灵魂/肉体、自然/文化、男性/女性、语言/文字、真理/谬误等。这种二元项的对立并非是平等并置的,“逻各斯中心主义”通过设立第一项的优先性而迫使第二项从属于它,第一项是首位的、本质的、中心的、本源的,而第二项则是次要的、非本质的、边缘的、衍生的。如把善放在恶之前、肯定放在否定之前等。乔约森·卡勒说:“在传统哲学对立中各种术语不是和平共处的,而处于一种激烈的等级秩序之中。一术语支配另一术语(从公理上、逻辑上)便占首要地位。在特定的时刻,解构这种对立就是颠倒等级秩序。”[3] 德里达的批判就是促使这些等级对立的压制发生倒转,那些优先等级的统治支配权力永远不能被在场所恢复。然而,颠倒从来不是一次性的、单向的、还原的,德里达拒绝建立任何中心,而是消除中心本身。“事实上,这种对于话语新地位批评追索的最令人神往之处,就是它公然申明放弃对于中心、主体、地位特殊的意义、本源、乃至绝对的元始的一切指涉意义。”[4]

众所周知,在我们生活的世界上,男性与女性构成了人类生存中最基本的两项对立,父权制(patriarchy)社会的发展使这种对立更加走向极端。女性主义者认为,现代社会是“逻各斯中心”的社会,也是“阳具中心”(pallocentric)或“菲勒斯中心”社会,因而,西方“逻各斯中心主义”传统与男权主宰的文化——父权制与“阳性中心主义”(phallocentrism)都是一回事,由此引申出“阳性逻各斯中心主义”(phallogo-centrism)一词,以示这个世界是一个男性中心思维模式所统治的世界。在解构理论的影响下,女性主义从根本上反对二元对立的思维方式,并把解构策略局限于男性/女性等级对立的范围内来运用。通过对男性/女性这一根本对立等级的颠倒,女性主义试图瓦解父权制建立的一整套象征秩序,提出了另一种整合的思维模式,主要包括反对二元提倡多元的模式、差异政治的模式等等。因而,分解男女之间的二元对立关系成为女性主义最重要的“破坏”活动之一。

朴维也认为,向等级制和对立统一逻辑提出挑战是解构主义为女性主义做出的第二个贡献。解构主义在其消除神秘特征的模式中并不简单地提供另一个二元对立的等级制选择,而是揭露了建立和保持等级式思维所必须依赖的计谋。分解“女性”一词的策略可以显示把所有女性都归结到一个虚假统一的“女性”的做法是如何掩护了表面上是团结而实际上是分裂女性利益的权力效用[2:340~341]。德里达的基本任务是探索和利用颠覆二元对立结构的原则:“分延”、“写作”或“剩余”。

最能体现出解构主义特色的是法国女性主义批评,如朱莉亚·克里斯蒂娃认为女人处于不可界定的边际地位,因而具有消除父权制二元对立的特殊意义;海伦娜·西苏提出要改变女性在二元对立关系中被压制的地位,必须通过写作,女性的写作具有真正强大的、破坏性的力量;露西·依利格端也对父权制社会坚持的男女二元对立作了尖锐的批判。西方马克思主义文学批评家特雷·伊格尔顿对此作了很详细的分析:“‘解构批评’是这样一种批评操作的名称,它可以部分地颠覆这类对立组,或者部分地证明,这一类对立组在本文意义过程中是互相颠覆的。女人是对立项,是男人的‘他者’。她是非男人,有缺陷的男人,她对于男性第一原则基本上只有反面价值。但是同样,男人之成为男人只是由于不断排除这个‘他者’或对立项,因此他是相对于她来规定自己的。……不仅他自己的存在寄生地取决于女人,取决于排斥和臣属她的活动。而且,这种排斥所以必要的理由之一是:她可能毕竟不那么‘他者’。也许她是男人之内的某种事物的标志,而那是他需要压抑、需要从他自己的存在中逐出、需要贬到他自己的明确界线以外一个保险的异域的。”[5]由此可以看出, 这种解构策略对于女性主义分析“女性”如何变成“他者”及被压制在男性的文本和社会之下一问题提供了强有力的论据。 二、话语即权力,主体已消失

在“逻各斯中心主义”被解构之后,后现代主义将理论概念的重心从“结构”变成“话语”,世界亦变成了一个话语的世界。德里达说:“由于中心或本源的缺失,一切都变成了话语。”[4:135] 即从“文本就是一切”到“话语就是一切”,主体已经消失。在现代主义宣布“上帝死了”之后,后现代主义又宣布“人也死了”,“人类充其量只是自然一时冲动的结果,决不是宇宙的中心”[6], “在藉以多元地构成现实的差异中丧失了自己,正值死神高视阔步、肆意猖獗时,自我将自己的缺席人格化了,它在各类浅薄的作品中传播自己,拒绝并回避阐释”[7],尤其是被称为“权力思想家”福科的具有反中心、反权威、 反传统等特征的权力话语理论,与德里达明显有殊途同归的消解男性中心思维模式的功效。

关于权力,一般人只会联想到国家机器、暴力法规等等,而福科认为权力就是一种起控制或强制作用的支配力量,它有几个规定性:其一,权力是多重的力量关系。各种权力关系存在于其他各类关系之中,它没有主体性,而是分散的、弥漫的;它也不是从一个集中的源头自上而下流动,而是相反地运作。其二,福科提出要推翻把权力看作一种纯粹压抑性结构的传统观念;权力不能为人们占有,它是在运作的。对于话语,福科指出:话语是由符号组成的,但它们不可能归结为语言和言语,话语的作用超过了言语和语言。正是在话语的实践运作中,福科看到权力关系,话语在内部进行的调查,赋予内部事物的秩序与意义,本质上便是赋予它有产生意义的权力,获得进入特定秩序的权力。这就是说,影响和控制话语运动的最根本因素就是权力,而反过来看,真正具有特殊效应的权力,也是通过话语执行的。在这里,福科理解的权力与话语的关系是一种互相依赖、互相生产的关系。话语的权力本性之所以根深蒂固,在于人们作为社会存在物,它进入社会秩序就是进入话语的权力系统。

福科的权力话语为女性主义提供了如何看待既存理论的视角,以及从权力作用的角度来分析它们的方法。因而女性主义把权力定义为分散的、弥漫的,而不是集中于某个机构或某个群体。同时在妇女运动内部实行一个“模式转换”,即从只关注事物到更关注话语。因此女性主义的抱负之一就是要发明女性的话语。[8]

与德里达不同的是,福科提供消解理性主体——“人”本身。福科说:“人只不过是新近的一个发明创造,一个还不到两世纪的形象,是我们的知识中一个新的折皱,一旦这种知识发现一种新的形式,他就又会重新消失。”[9] 女性主义者赞成后现论加强对西方传统人本主义之“人”的话语的批判,她们认为,人本主义关于“人”的话语隐含着男性至上论,它假定存在着一种等同于整个人类特质的男性特质,如理性、生产等。男性是人类的代表,女性不过是“他者”,是“第二性”(波伏瓦语)。男性优越女性低下的二元对立思维模式对应于:理性/感性、自信/消极、坚持/软弱、公共/私人等。这种男性中心论就把女性局限于家庭活动而排斥于公共生活之外。

然而,建立主体性是60年代以来女性主义及其女性政治运动的出发点,正值女性试图提高她们作为“人”的主体性和获得长期拒绝给予她们的政治权利的时候,“主体性”概念竟然被否定了,因此,她们拒绝接受福科等人对“人”的概念的理论解构。同时,福科“话语即是一切”的思想导致某些女性主义者只注重思想话语的批判,从而削弱了女性主义的政治实践,“使女性主义丧失了战斗力”。[10]

哈其思却认为,女性主义与后现代话语可以相互补充。二者对理性、知识、主体、社会统治机制的解构有着很大的相似性。后现论强调多元性、差异性、边缘性、异质性,对那些已经发现自己被边缘化与排斥在理性、真理、客观性之外的女性来说也有着巨大的吸引力。哈其思认识到,在女性主义与后现论之间存在着亲和性与紧张性。实际上,从某种意义上说,女性主义的某些看法在先天上就是后现代的。福科等人的后现代认识论则可以使人们注意到:在不同肤色、种族、阶级之间,不同性偏好、不同民族、不同地区的女性之间都具有差异性,从而使我们保存并发扬各种女性的特殊性,从而避免化约到普遍化的概念模式。按照一些女性主义者的观点,这些普遍化模式往往过度荣宠了白人的、第一世界的、受过高等教育的女性的经验。[10:210~211]

有些女性主义者认为女性主义处于政治性的防御阶段时,福科的观点有助于她们向女性主义的“传统观念”挑战。福科式地分析也有助于女性主义在反女性主义时代保持谦顺的态度。[11]

概括讲,女性主义可以修正后现论,正像后现代主义有助于产生出不同的女性主义看法[10:213],二者的结合将克服后现论中的虚无主义,为消解男性中心思维模式开辟新的道路。转贴于 【参考文献】

[1] 雅克·德里达.芒刺:尼采的文体.见:张京媛主编.当代女性主义文学批评.北京:北京大学出版社,1992.12

[2] [美]玛丽·朴维.女性主义与解构主义.见:张京媛主编.当代女性主义文学批评.北京:北京大学出版社.1992.333~334

[3] 乔约森·卡勒.解构主义.见:胡经之等主编.西方二十世纪文论选(第二卷).北京:中国社会科学出版社.1989.487

[4] 雅克·德里达.结构,符号,与人文科学话语中的嬉戏. 见:王逢振等编.最新西方文论选.广西:漓江出版社,1991.141

[5] 〔英〕特雷·伊格尔顿.二十世纪西方文学理论.陕西:陕西师范大学出版社,1987.146

[6] 杜威·弗克马.后现代主义文本的语义结构和句法结构. 见:走向后现代主义.北京:北京大学出版社,1991.96

[7] 伊哈布·哈桑.后现代景观中的多元论. 见:后现代主义文化与美学.北京:北京大学出版社,1992.127

[8] 李银河.后现代女权主义思潮.哲学研究,1996(5)

[9] 米歇尔·福科.真理与权力.见:盛宁.人文困惑与反思——西方后现代主义思潮批判.北京:三联书店,1997.94

时代女性范文6

This paper mainly discusses Scarlett O′ Hara’s particular characters, her secret of survival, her relations with other roles and why she is always criticized. Scarlett, who’s clever, coquettish, stubborn and diligent, is different from other aristocratic woman. She has been married for three times and killed a thieving Yankee soldier; then buys sawmills, peddles timbering herself and earns money openly. The worst thing is she succeeds in business while other gentlemen lead poor lives. She is different, and also damned. But she is judged as a new woman in the old time.

Undoubtedly, if Scarlett were in our society, she would live comfortably. Meanwhile, she is a good example of survival. But we can not imitate Scarlett in all her ways. On the other hand, critics nowadays should criticize Scarlett in a new way, the way of how to survive in modern society.

That is to say, “be different〞is not equal to〝be damned〞.

Key Words

Rebellious; different; new woman

摘 要

这篇文章主要描述了文学名著《飘》中的女主人公—斯佳丽·奥哈拉,她独特的个性,与小说中其他人物的关系,以及她总是被批判﹑谴责的原因。斯佳丽不同于其他贵族妇女,她聪明﹑迷人﹑勤勉并且倔强而坚定。她共有三次婚姻,枪杀了一名正在家中行窃的北方士兵;后来买下锯木厂,自己为卖木材而四处奔波,最后公然地赚取了很多钱。在许多绅士还过着贫困潦倒的生活时,她却获得了成功,这是人们认为最不能接受的事情。她与众

不同,因此被谴责,但却是“旧”时代的“新”女性。

毫无疑问,如果斯佳丽生活在当今社会,她会很幸福,同时也是我们学习的好榜样。当然,我们不能效仿她的一切;另一方面,当今的评判家应该从怎样在现代社会生存的角度,来对她作出全新的评价。

与众不同,并不意味着该被批判。

关键词

反叛;与众不同;新女性

Introduction

Katie Scarlett O′Hara, the leading role of Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell, always gets mixed reception. However, no matter how selfish, indifferent and cunning or strong, able and clever she is judged as, she is a new woman in the old time.

Scarlett O′Hara, the daughter of a well–bred South Carolina mother and a rich self–made planter father, beautiful and charming, has many beaux. But she only “loves”Ashley Wilkes, “Since that day two years ago when Ashley, newly home from his three years Grand Tour in Europe, had called to pay his respects, she had loved him. It was as simple as that” (Margaret, 27). At that day, in Scarlett’s eyes, Ashley’s “drowsy grey eyes wide with a smile and the sun so bright in his blond hair that it seemed like a cap of shining silver”(Margaret, 27). From then on, the aureole on Ashley’s head shining all along in her heart until she finally realizes that what she has really loved and pursued for such long time is not Ashley himself but the aureole on his head. Because of the “love” to Ashley, Scarlett has “hated” Melanie Hamilton, the wife of Ashley Wilkes, for many years. Simultaneously, because of the “love” to Ashley, Scarlett has neglected and refused Rhett Butler’s genuine love. And not until Melanie’s death does she realize whom her close friend, firm partner is and whom her real lover, stable supporter is and also whom she truly and steadfastly loves.

Through the war and during the reconstruction Scarlett acts as a heroine. “She survives trial by fire and hunger” (Dawson, 10). But unlike other epic heroes, Scarlett loses, she misses the best friend and lost the best husband in her world. However, Scarlett is Scarlett, a stubborn woman who always says, “Anyway, tomorrow is another day” to herself and then solves the problems. This time, “with the spirit of her people who would not know defeat, even when it stared them in the face. She raised her chin. She could get Rhett back. She knew she could. There had never been a man she could not get, once she set her mind upon him” (Margaret, 1011). This is Scarlett, rebel, willful and stubborn, different from other aristocratic woman; she is self-confident, independent, sagacious and candid. These characters make Scarlett be scolded much by critics, “be different and be damned”(Margaret, 663).

Ⅰ.Description of Scarlett’s Special Characters and Styles

Before the Civil War, Scarlett lives in a nearly perfect family. A gentle mother, a rich father, and a black mummy look after her well, and they make her a beautiful but spoiled girl. On the other hand, she’s clever, diligent, brave and stubborn. Owing to these characters, her actions make her very welcome in gentlemen but unwelcome in ladies.

A. The Background of Scarlett’s Family

Scarlett shows her difference at the right opening of the novel. She has a “gently bred Creole mother from the seacoast” (John, 253). Ellen O′Hara, has never been seen “stirred from her austere placidity nor her personal appointments anything but perfect, no mater what the hour of day or night” (Margaret, 42). “There was a steely quality under her stately gentleness that awed the whole household” (Margaret, 43). Scarlett regards her mother as “something holy and apart from all the rest of humankind” and “the embodiment of justice, truth, loving tenderness and profound wisdom—a great lady.” Young Scarlett, or Scarlett antebellum, wants very much to emulate Ellen, but in order to avoid missing joys of life, she will follow her mother only on condition that “some day when she was married to Ashley and old, some day when she had time for it”(Margaret, 62). Nevertheless, Ellen does influence Scarlett much.

On the other hand, Scarlett’s father, Gerald O′Hara, a little, hard-headed and blustering Irish man, is not well educated, he believes that a man who wants to be rich should be strong and unafraid of work. And Gerald is hardy. “When Gerald wanted something, he gains it by taking the most direct route” (Margaret, 48). This conclusion seemed to fit for Scarlett, too.

B. Scarlett’s Different Attitudes to the Social Life and Her Happiness Antebellum

As for Scarlett, in her face “were too sharply blended the delicate feature of her mother, a coast aristocrat of French descent, and the heavy ones of her florid Irish father” (Margaret, 1). At the age of sixteen, thanks to Mammy and Ellen, “she looked sweet, charming and giddy, but she was, in reality, self-willed, vain and obstinate. She had the easily stirred passions of her Irish father and nothing except the thinnest veneer of her mother’s unselfish and forbearing nature” (Margaret, 61). she is high hearted, vivacious and charming, different from other ladies’ elegance. She is beautiful that she has made almost all the young men in the neighborhood court her; she has her own view that she always tries her best to gain what she wants—Ashley, or Tara, then Rhett. She will never know, and she would be pleased but unbelieving if she has been told, that her own personality, frighteningly vital though it was, was more attractive than any masquerade she might adopt. Because “the civilization of which she was a part would have been unbelieving too, for at no time, before or since, had so low a premium been placed on feminine naturalness” (Margaret, 82). undoubtedly, she is different, and because of this differences, Scarlett is destined to be damned—“No girl in the county, really liked Scarlett”(Margaret, 87).

C. Scarlett’s Rebellious Activities in Atlanta during the Civil War

Then comes the Civil War. After her impulse (marry Charles Hamilton to “retaliate” Ashley Wilkes’ marriage to Melanie Hamilton) Scarlett is soon widowed, to her dismay, motherhood follows. Of course Scarlett can not fell contented in her widow life, she still wants to dance, laugh and be courted as Scarlett O′Hara, not Scarlett Hamilton. And so, with the help of Rhett Butler, Scarlett begins to search for another paradise in her life. When she is still in mourning, Scarlett “tossed her head and sped out of booth” (Margaret, 189), hurriedly steps into the dancing floor, and begins her another rebel life. She begins to think for herself instead of letting others think for her again. At that very time, she forgets herself and her rearing neglects the look on the chaperons’ faces, cares not what she will be criticized, she just wants to dance, to release her partly from mourning.

D.Scarlett’s Pursuit of Freedom and Happiness

One whole year after Charles Hamilton’s death, Scarlett is partly liberated. Despite wearing mourning, she is back again where she has been before she marries Charles, as if she were Scarlett O′Hara again, the belle of the county. Careless of the disapproval of others, “she behaved as she had behaved before her marriage—went to parties, danced, went riding with soldiers, flirted…”(Margaret, 215). Life is still attractive, like she is. She enjoys her normal-like life again. She, Scarlett, energetic and animated, how can she be defined forever? Much less, the man she married has never gained her love at all! So that Scarlett, who is willing to, and destined to, pursue a passional life. Obviously, she is different, and still is scolded for being different from the social code. However, in modern society, no one has the right of obstructing a widowed lady from pursuing happiness, especially remarriage.

Scarlett’s emotion, as the Christmas season of 1863 coming, is surged up because Ashley Wilkes will come home on furlough. When Scarlett looks at Ashley, she “knew her feeling of that long-past night were those of a spoiled child thwarted of a toy” (Margaret, 259). But unfortunately, she still looks upon her feeling to Ashley as “love”, even more than before. According to such deep feeling, or love, at least she thinks so, Scarlett promises Ashley that she will look after Melanie for him.

E.Scarlett’s Bravery and Stubbornness

Not long later Ashley goes back to team, he is captured. Meanwhile, Melanie finds herself pregnant. As the battlefield situation gets worse, the residents of Atlanta begin to flee away. Same as the others, Scarlett wants to go back to Tara, too. But Melanie’s dangerous health condition retains her at Atlanta to accompany, protect and help her. Originally, Scarlett fears Yankees, fears bombs and misses Tara, especially her mother terribly. She has planned to leave to Tara, but when Melanie refers to her promise to Ashley, and praises her for her bravery and sturdiness, and begs her to stay there, Scarlett nods. Then during the siege, Scarlett is fidgety to live in Atlanta City with the homesick biting her heart. In those days, she can leave Melanie with other madams and she herself goes back home with her son. In fact, Scarlett does think it over, but because of various reasons, the chief one of which is her promise to Ashley that she will take care of Melanie for him, she stays with Melanie, whose time is approaching during the shelling. Is it a kind of foolish chivalry? Certainly not! It is the kindhearted aspect of her nature. That is to say, Scarlett has not only bravery and stubbornness, but also sense of responsibility in her characters. This time, she is still different, but this is the only time she is not scolded for the difference. Maybe it is because she is nursing a generally acknowledged lady—Melanie.

Soon comes the first“the end of the world” in Scarlett’s life. That’s a sultry day, from the very morning has she known that Melanie’s pains are getting harder and she surely will have a hard time. At this emergent moment, the doctor can not come because he has to deal with hundreds of wounded soldiers. And at that very nasty day, the Yankees will take the city in no time. Nevertheless, the worst thing is, she has to face the reality, she will deliver the baby by herself!

Till the night falls, Scarlett succeeds to have Melanie’s baby bathed the first time. Melanie too, succeeds to fall asleep. “Now that the excruciating ordeal of helping Melanie through childbirth is over, Scarleet’s self control collapses.” Fear overwhelms her, turns her into a hysterical child who wants “to bury her head in her mother’s lap....If only she was home! Home with mother” (Blanche, 7). Again with the help of Rhett and his hard–earned stolen horse, Scarlett is led through the burning city and the dangerous countryside until she can go on safely alone—at least in Rhett’s view she can. The rest distance is lightless, bumpy and endless to her, and there might be North and South Armies on her way home. Due to her bravery and stubbornness once again, after a day and night’s painful journey, Scarlett and others, safely arrives at Tara, her home.

F. Scarlett’s Wisdom and Diligence in the Reconstruction

Out of Scarlett’s expectation, the more terrible disaster occurs—Ellen O′Hara, her gentle, amiable mother, has died; her father has turned to a terribly old man with schizophrenia. Now he is like a child, no longer a strong man, the backbone of Tara. Both of her sisters are ill in bed; slaves have run away, with only three darkies still remaining. There remains not enough food, and all their cotton has been burnt to ashes. Meanwhile, their lot of Confederate cash becomes worthless. The most important is that she, Scarlettt Hamilton, will continue to carry her burdens.

The long road from Atlanta to Tara has ended, “in a black wall, the road that was to end in Ellen’s arms” (Margaret, 409). Never again can Scarlett lie down, as a child, secure beneath her father’s roof with the protection of her mother’s love wrapped about her like an eiderdown quilt. “There was no security or heaven to which she could turn now” (Margaret, 410); there is no one on whose shoulders she can rest her burdens. Now Scarlett is seeing things with new eyes, for somewhere along the long road to Tara, she has left her girlhood behind her. She is a woman now and youth is gone. The O′Hara’s do not take charity. The O′Haras look after themselves. Her burdens are her own and they are for shoulders strong enough to bear them. She can not desert Tara, “She belonged to the red acres far more than they could ever belong to her. Her roots went deep into the blood–colored soil and sucked up life, as did the cotton” (Margaret, 411).

The next morning Scarlett forces her to endure body’s stiffness and sore, goes out to search for some food. In the Negroes’ garden patches of Wilkes’ plantation, she is licked down by hunger and tiredness. When she arises at last and sees again the black ruins of the plantation, her head is raised high and something that is “youth and beauty and potential tenderness” has gone out of her face forever. The lazy luxury of the old days is gone, never to return. “There was no going back and she was going forward throughout the South for fifty years there would be bitter–eyed woman who looked backward… But Scarlett was never to look back” At that moment hunger grows at her empty stomach again and Scarlett says aloud: “As god is my witness...the Yankees aren’t going to lick me. I’m going to live through this, and when it’s over I’m never going to be hunger again. No, nor any of my folks. If I have to steal or kill—as God is my witness, I’m never going to be hunger again” (Margaret, 419). This is her dauntlessness.

What an announcement of struggle! Indeed it is a day that is worthy of celebration. That symbolizes the birth of a completely new woman, a heroine in the old time. From then on, the shell of hardness, which has begun to form about her heart when she lies in the slave garden, is slowly thickening. Scarlett, who is more advanced than others, firstly realizes that her mother’s ordered world is gone and a brutal world has taken its place. “She sees, or she thinks she sees that her mother has been wrong, and she changes swiftly to meet this new world for which she is not prepared” (Margaret, 425). This is her perceptivity.

Both of Scarlett’s two sisters and the slaves all refuse, or do not dare, to face the reality. Melanie, who can face the situation, but only endures and suffers passively, and she is not willing to, or can not, struggle against the bad luck positively and energetically. That is to say, once again, Scarlett is different and complained by everyone except Melanie—why does she become so cool, so chilly?

As for her courage and fieriness, Scarlett kills a thieving Yankees soldier, imperturbably and determinately—right before the Yankee’s shoot. Such an act is mass criticized by the critics, they accuse her of brutality and murderer. They condemn her living by hook or by crook, not like a fair lady. But actually, she only “does what under the circumstances must be done if she is to survived” (W.J, 109). In modern society, that is called “legitimate defense,” is therefore guiltless. Anyway, Scarlett saves other three sick girls and the babies. That is worthwhile. Even if Melanie were in the same situation, “she’d have done the same thing” (Margaret, 431).

With Scarlett’s wisdom and diligence, the Tara can surely offer a better and better life if there were not the taxation affair. Then, in order to raise money, Scarlett has to go to Atlanta to drop on Rhett, “being a mere woman in a society that is bankrupt and still dominated by men who are either stupid or idealistic—and in any case ineffectual—Scarlett must use the only means available to her for saving the family plantation: sex”(W.J,108). However, this decision is not an easy one for her, Scarlett fights a quick battle with the “...three most binding ties of her soul—the memory of Ellen, the teachings of her religion and her love for Ashley. She knew that what she had in her mind must be hideous to her mother even in that warm far off heaven where she surely was. She knew that fornication was a mortal sin. And she knew that loving Ashley as she did, her plan was doubly prostitution...” (Margaret, 528). Unfortunately, although she has planned to sacrifice herself to Rhett, she fails, for Rhett is in prison.

But in any case she will not give up Tara, and her folks. “She will seduce her sister’s fiancé in order to get his memory” (W.J, 108)—If her sister is a little less selfish than her, Scarlett will need not to marry such an old man. After all, she victimizes herself.

To get and save enough money, Scarlett buys a sawmill herself. She shuttled back and forth in Atlanta city with the whole town talking about her. And she makes a success. Simultaneously, she is excluded out of social contacts. All she has done is to be different from other women and she has made a little success of it. That is the one unforgivable sin in any society.〝Be different and be damned〞. As Rhett says to her, “Scarlett, the mere fact that you’ve made a success of your mill is an insult to every man who hasn’t succeeded. Remember, a well-bred female’s place is in the home and she should know nothing about this busy brutal world”(Margaret, 663). By now, we know, perhaps only partly, the reason why she is 〝different and damned〞.

G. Scarlett’s Secret of Survival

Only Grandma Fontaine, “gives Scarlett the formula for survival and supplies the rational for Scarlett’s tooth-and-fang code of morality” (W.J, 109): “we play along with lesser folks and we talk what we can get from them, and when we are strong enough, we kick the necks of the folks whose necks we’ve climbed over. That, my child, is the secret of survival”(Margaret, 701). Scarlett, too, refuses to be one of the lesser folks, she wants not only to survive but also 〝prevail and will use any means at hand to gain her ends.〞And Scarlett wins the economic battle at last, though she loses the battle of heart(W.J,110). Scarlett’s tragedy lines in her “inability to understand the meaning of being a lady”(Elizabeth, 402). “No lady would admit that she, and not her husband, ran the plantation. No lady would admit to being hungry in public. No lady would admit to sexual desire or pleasure”(Elizabeth, 399).

Ⅱ.The Relation between Scarlett and Other Important Characters

Surely, Scarlett is the soul figure in the novel, however, there are many other important roles accompany her. Among them, Rhett Butler is Scarlett’s genuine lover, Melanie is her true friend, and Ashley actually is her illusion.

A. Scarlett and Rhett Butler

After the birth of her second child, Scarlett loses her second husband, too. Then she marries Rhett Butler, whom she “hates” much, and her neighborhood hate thoroughly. Naturally, she is criticized terribly. But to the close of the novel, she loses him when she finally finds that how much she depends on him and loves him—“she must have loved Rhett all along, as an adult loves, not as a girl loves”(Dawson, 10). Rhett Butler, a 〝rogue〞, Scarlett’s male counterpart, a renegade aristocrat originally from Charleston, as reprehensible as Scarlett in morals, but much her superior by reason of his romantically cynical intelligence (John, 253). “Whenever Scarlett’s gumption fails, when she needs money, rescue, consolation, or challenge, Rhett Butler appears” He is so powerful that Scarlett even wants to be a man as strong as him. With Rhett beside her, she does not fear anything. As we all know, Scarlett loves Rhett for his sagacity, factualism, and muscularity. More than she loves him, Rhett falls in love with Scarlett the first time he saw her. But he knows her, at least he thinks so, she is “so brutal to those who love you, Scarlett. You take their love and hold it over their heads like a whip” (Margaret, 1003). He is willing to, indeed he does, and do everything for her except telling her he loves her. He supports her and ridicules her, helps her and leaves her. Perhaps Rhett really knows Scarlett’s or women’s characters much, however, he does not know, or fails to grasp, Scarlett’s heart. As foolish as Scarlett is, Rhett believes that her heart belongs to Ashley Wilkes, always and forever. He also does not realize that Ashley is “a young girl’s dream of the Perfect Knight...” (Floyd, 97). (Here means before Melanie’s death).

In the final chapter of the novel, Rhett tells Scarlett why his feeling for her has changed: “I wanted you to play like a child—for you were a child, a brave, frightened bull-headed child. I think you are a child. No one but a child would be so headstrong and so insensitive...I like to think that Bonnie (their daughter) was you, a little girl again” (Margaret, 1004). Rhett tells Scarlett this after she admits that her image of Ashley has been a little girl’s illusion... In discarding the illusion, the image from the past, Scarlett discards completely her girlhood; she becomes an adult, the point toward which the novel has been moving. And by the time she has been an adult, Scarlett also loses Rhett...Rhett wanted, in other words, “to be the master..., the father of the child-woman, allowing her the benevolence of his paternity” (Dawson, 17).

In the final scene between two adults “this was the first time he had ever talked to her in this manner, as one human being to another, talked as other people talked, without flippancy, mockery or riddles” (Margaret, 1003), in this final scene, Scarlett matures, Melanie’s death buries the old pattern of behavior(like she has done). Time has brought changes that call for new modes of behavior. The female parent, the old order has passed away. Scarlett, the woman, is free to exert her own vital self; she is emancipated (gratifying or lamentable?). “And only completely so after Rhett leaves” (Dawson, 17). According to this, Rhett’s leaving is not sad, we should, instead, be pleased. “He’s got to go as long as she feels that Scarlett should have remained a child.” His leaving is not a mask of strength, but of weakness and of blindness, the blindness that tradition has produced (Dawson, 18).

B. Scarlett and Melanie

Melanie is introduced as “a tiny, frailly built girl, who gave the appearance of a child masquerading in her mother’s enormous hoop skirts” (Margaret, 102). She remains a frail girl, her breasts undeveloped, her body unable to deliver a child; and yet she mothers everyone, taking care of those who ostensibly protect her—Ashley, Scarlett, and Rhett (Blanche, 9). “She is like mother,” Scarlett thinks as Melanie lies dying, a convenient time for unwelcome relations: “Everyone who knew her has clung to her skirts” (Margaret, 988).

But it is this quiet, pliable and delicate Melanie who is the tower of strength of Scarlett. With Melanie, there is the strength upon which Scarlett has relied unknowing for so many years. Melanie “is the only woman friend” Scarlett ever has, “the only woman except mother who really loved” Scarlett (Margaret, 988). Melanie “had always been there beside her with a sword in her hands, unobtrusive as her own shadow, loving her, fighting for her with blind passionate loyalty, fighting Yankees, fire, hunger, poverty, public opinion and even her beloved blood kin” (Margaret, 988). Melanie is the only one who never criticizes Scarlett’s being different for she knows that only people like Scarlett can survive. What a pity that she can not follow Scarlett!

The reason is that Melanie belongs to the old order. She, of course, is “the ideal of southern feminine graciousness, the great lady personified as is Ellen O′Hara, Scarlett’s mother; but there is a toughness in her that is surprising. It is she who, though may starve, cannot compromise her principles (Robert Y, 144).

C. Scarlett and Ashley

Ashley Wilkes, the last character to be discussed, has been Scarlett’s lover she has dreamed for many years. The same as Scarlett, he thinks that he loves Scarlett, too. He thinks he loves her for she is “so fine and strong and good,” so beautiful, not just her sweet face, but all of her, her body and her mind and her soul (Margaret, 270). He even tells her “I love you, your courage and your stubbornness and your fine and your utter ruthlessness. How much do I love you? So much that a moment ago I would have outraged the hospitality of the house which has sheltered me and my family, forgotten the best wife any man ever had, enough to take you here in the mud like a...” (Margaret, 520). Also while Melanie is dying he finally realizes that his lover is Melanie. Isn’t that too late?

Conclusion

Both Ashley and Melanie are anachronisms as the result of the disruption of the war (Dawson, 14). The old order, the life of tradition is, of course, represented in them. The Wilkeses are bookworms, they always send off for books of poetry, take European tours, and marry their cousins. Their plantation, Twelve Oaks, is everything romanticists would like to believe about the old south.

Now we see, Scarlett and Rhett, the two strong figures, and Melanie and Ashley, the two weak ones, “were products of external characterization rather than psychological motivation, yet they gave the appearance of reality in manners and dialogue, seeming to be shaped by inner stresses and social forces rather than by prefabricated temperaments” (James D, 263). Only those who adapt themselves to the changes can survive, even if they are different in the old time. The weak ones are destined to be eliminated.

In this aspect, Scarlett has done well. She can love and hate with a violence, “her voice was brisk and decisive and she made up her mind instantly and with no girlish shilly-shallying. She knew what she wanted and she went after it by the shortest route, like a man, not by the hidden and circuitous routes peculiar to women” (Margaret, 624). She wants not only to survive, but also to prevail and will use any means at hand to gain her ends, and she wins, still keeps an uneasily known kind heart. Those are characters needed for success, in 21st Century. If Scarlett were living in modern society, instead of the old time, she surely could lead a happy and comfortable life, like many other white-collar women do.

In short, Scarlett is a new woman in the old time. She is different and damned. However, the society which we live in is an advanced one, so we can imitate her, of course not in all her ways. Fortunately, we could 〝be different〞as she is, moreover, not〝be damned〞as she is.

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